The Earth is the third planet from the eight planets in the Solar System. Estimated to reach 4.6 billion years old. The distance between the Earth to the sun is 149.6 million kilometers, or 1 AU (UK: astronomical units). Earth has a layer of air (atmosphere) and the magnetic field is called (magnetosphere), which protect the Earth from the solar wind, ultraviolet rays, and radiation from outer space. This air layer surrounding the earth to a height of approximately 700 kilometers. Air layer is divided into Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Termosfer, and Eksosfer.
Ozone layer, as high as 50 kilometers, are in the stratosphere and the Mesosphere and protect the earth from ultraviolet rays. Earth's surface temperature difference is between -70 ° C to 55 ° C depending on the local climate. Divided into 24 hours a day and a year on earth equal to 365.2425 days. Earth has a mass weighing 59 760 billion tonnes, with a surface area of 510 million square kilometers. Earth's gravity (about 5500 kilograms per cubic meter) was used as the unit of weight ratio of other types of planets, with Earth's gravity was pegged as one.
Earth has a diameter of over 12 756 kilometers. Earth's gravity was measured as 10 N kg-1 used as units of measurement of gravity of another planet, with Earth's gravity was pegged as one. Earth has one natural satellite of the Moon. 70.8% surface of the earth covered with water. Earth's air consists of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% water vapor, carbon dioxide and other gases.
Earth is estimated in the earth's core is made up of frozen-thick nickel-iron with a temperature of 1370 kilometers of 4500 ° C, covered well by the liquid outer core that is 2100 miles thick, and covered also by 2800 kilometers thick silica coat formed 83% of the earth, and finally once blanketed by thick crust of the earth approximately 85 kilometers.
The thinner the crust on the ocean floor that is about five kilometers. Earth's crust is divided to several sections and moving through the movement of tectonic plates (the theory of Continental Drift), which produce earthquakes.
The highest point on the earth surface is 8848 meters high Mount Everest, and the deepest point is the Mariana Trench in the Pacific ocean with a depth of 10 924 meters. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake with a depth of 1637 meters, while the largest lake is the Caspian Sea with an area of 394 299 km2.
Composition and structure
The Earth is a terrestrial planet, meaning made of rocks, different than the gas giants like Jupiter. This planet is the largest of the four terrestrial planets, in the second sense, the mass and size. Of the four terrestrial planets, Earth also has the highest density, the largest surface gravity, magnetic field is strongest and most rapid rotation. Earth also represents the only terrestrial planets have active plate tectonics. Form Round the earth's rotation on the north-south axis that results in day and night
Shape of planet Earth is very similar to flattened spheres (oblate spheroid), a depressed flat spots on the orientation of the poles that cause buncitan at the equator. Buncitan this occurs because of rotation of the earth, causing the equatorial diameter greater than 43 km in diameter from pole to pole. The average diameter of the circle of the earth is 12 742 km, or roughly 40,000 km / π. Because the unit of meters in the first place 1/10.000.000 defined as the distance between the equator to the north pole through Paris, France.
Local topography varies slightly from the ideal form of a smooth sphere, although on a global scale, this variation is very small. Earth has a tolerance of about one in 584, or 0.17% compared to a perfect sphere (reference spheroid), which is smoother when compared with the tolerance of a billiard ball, 0.22%. Local largest deviation at the surface of the earth is Mount Everest (8848 m above sea level) and the Mariana Trench (10 911 m below sea level). Because buncitan equator, the earth located farthest from the midpoint of the Earth is actually Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador.
Endogenous natural processes / endogenous energy is energy that comes from the earth in the earth. Workers are building the endogenous nature of this earth's surface. Exogenous natural forces come from outside the earth and destructive. So that's what makes the second power range of reliefs on this earth as we know that the earth's surface which we live is made up of various formations such as mountains, valleys, hills, lakes, rivers, etc.. The existence of such formations, causing the earth's surface becomes uneven. Formations are known as the relief of the earth. Chemical composition
The mass of the earth is approximately 5.98 × 1024 kg. Its main content is composed of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%) , calcium (1.5%), and aluminum (1.4%) and 1.2%, the rest consisting of various rare elements. Because the process of mass segregation, the earth's core is believed to have the main content of iron (88.8%), and a little nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and the rest less than 1% of rare elements. [10]
Geochemist F. W. Clarke calculated that approximately 47% of the earth's crust consists of oxygen. The most common rocks found in the earth's crust are nearly all oxides (oxides), chlorine, sulfur, and fluorine is an exception, and amounts in rocks are usually less than 1%. The main oxides are silica, alumina, iron oxide, lime, magnesia, cyanide and soda. The main function is as an acid silica, which form the silicate. This is the basic nature of the various igneous minerals are most common. Based on calculations from 1.672 analysis of various types of rock, Clarke concluded that 99.22% of rock composed of 11 oxides (see table right). Other constituents occur only in small amounts. [Note 3] Layers of the earth
According to the composition (type of material), the Earth can be divided into layers as follows:
* Earth's Crust
* Mantel Earth
* Earth's Core
While according to the mechanical properties (properties of the material) it, the earth can be divided into layers as follows:
* Litosfir
* Astenosfir
* Mesosfir
* Earth's outer core
Earth's outer core is one part of the earth that coats the inside of the earth's core. Earth's outer core has a thickness of 2250 km and a depth of between 2900-4980 km. Earth's outer core consists of molten iron and nickel with a temperature of 3900 ° C
* Earth's inner core
Earth's inner core is in parts of the earth or the earth can also be called the core. thickness of the earth's core has a diameter of 1200km and 2600km. earth's core consists of solid iron and nickel with the temperature can reach 4800 ° C
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